An Integrated Mechanics–Hemodynamics Model on The Effects of Plantar Mechanics and Center of Pressure Deviation on Venous Pump Function
Keywords:
Biomechanical Modeling, Center of Pressure, Gait Biomechanics, Plantar Venous Pump, Venous HemodynamicsAbstract
Purpose: Lower-limb venous return requires the coordinated function of multiple peripheral pumps. Recent studies highlight the critical roles of plantar mechanics, foot morphology, kinematic chain alignment, and Center of Pressure (CoP) behavior in venous hemodynamics. This study proposes an integrated mechanics–hemodynamics model that unifies these parameters under a single analytical framework to quantitatively estimate venous flow (Q).
Methods: The model defines venous volume per step (Vstep) as a function of arch height, plantar fascia/windlass mechanism, metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint mobility, intrinsic muscle function, subtalar alignment, and mediolateral CoP deviation. CoP deviation during stance is normalized to a dimensionless parameter (Dlat), and its effect on venous volume is represented through a novel exponential coefficient, kCoP, defined as . The influence of CoP deviation on calf–foot pumping mechanics is justified using Newton–Euler moment equations, Lagrangian energy landscape analysis, and Hamiltonian phase space behavior. The model is informed by quantitative evidence derived from pedobarography, gait analysis, Doppler ultrasonography, and plethysmography reported in the existing literature.
Results: Across four clinical scenarios derived from pedobarographic and hemodynamic literature (normal arch, pes planus, pes cavus, and calf pump insufficiency), the model reproduced venous flow patterns consistent with reported physiological trends and relative changes in Q.
Conclusion: This is the first analytical model to integrate plantar mechanics, kinematic chain alignment, CoP deviation, and venous hemodynamics into a unified quantitative structure. The framework offers a clinically applicable tool for assessment, orthotic design, and rehabilitation planning in patients with impaired venous return.
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